1987 National Gallery of Art Ailsa Mellon Bruce Collection

National fine art museum in Washington, D.C., U.s.

This article is about the Usa art museum. For other national art galleries, see List of national galleries.

National Gallery of Art

Location in Washington, D.C. Show map of Washington, D.C. National Gallery of Art (the United states of america) Show map of the United States
Established	1937; 85 years ago  (1937)
Location	National Mall between 3rd and ninth Streets at Constitution Avenue NW, Washington, DC, 20565, National Mall, Washington, D.C.
Coordinates	38°53′29″N 77°01′12″Due west  /  38.89139°N 77.02000°Westward  / 38.89139; -77.02000 Coordinates: 38°53′29″North 77°01′12″West  /  38.89139°N 77.02000°West  / 38.89139; -77.02000
Collection size	75,000 prints
Visitors	1,704,606 (2021) - Ranked sixth globally[i]
Director	Kaywin Feldman
President	Mitchell Rales
Chairperson	Sharon Rockefeller
Public transit access	Washington Metro: Judiciary Foursquare archives Smithsonian Fifty'Enfant Metrobus: 4th Street and 7th Street NW DC Circulator: 4th Street and Madison Bulldoze; 9th Street and Constitution Avenue NW
Website	nga.gov

The National Gallery of Fine art, and its fastened Sculpture Garden, is a national art museum in Washington, D.C., United states, located on the National Mall, between 3rd and ninth Streets, at Constitution Artery NW. Open to the public and free of charge, the museum was privately established in 1937 for the American people past a joint resolution of the United States Congress. Andrew West. Mellon donated a substantial art collection and funds for construction. The core collection includes major works of fine art donated by Paul Mellon, Ailsa Mellon Bruce, Lessing J. Rosenwald, Samuel Henry Kress, Rush Harrison Kress, Peter Arrell Browne Widener, Joseph E. Widener, and Chester Dale. The Gallery'south drove of paintings, drawings, prints, photographs, sculpture, medals, and decorative arts traces the evolution of Western Art from the Middle Ages to the present, including the but painting by Leonardo da Vinci in the Americas and the largest mobile created by Alexander Calder.

The Gallery'southward campus includes the original neoclassical West Building designed by John Russell Pope, which is linked underground to the modern East Building, designed past I. M. Pei, and the 6.i-acre (25,000 one thousand²) Sculpture Garden. The Gallery often presents temporary special exhibitions spanning the world and the history of fine art. It is one of the largest museums in N America.

For the breadth, telescopic, and magnitude of its collections, the National Gallery is widely considered to exist i of the greatest museums in the Us of America, oftentimes ranking alongside the Metropolitan Museum of Art and Museum of Modern Art in New York Urban center, the Fine art Establish of Chicago in Chicago, Illinois, and the Museum of Fine Arts in Boston, Massachusetts. Of the top iii fine art museums in the United States past almanac visitors, it is the merely ane that has no access fee. in 2021 it attracted 1,704,606 visitors, and ranked fifth on the list of most visited art museums in the world.^[two]

History [edit]

Origins [edit]

Andrew W. Mellon, Pittsburgh broker and Treasury Secretary from 1921 until 1932, began gathering a private drove of old main paintings and sculptures during Earth War I. During the late 1920s, Mellon decided to direct his collecting efforts towards the establishment of a new national gallery for the United States.

In 1930, partly for taxation reasons, Mellon formed the A. W. Mellon Educational and Charitable Trust, which was to be the legal owner of works intended for the gallery. In 1930–1931, the Trust fabricated its kickoff major acquisition, 21 paintings from the Hermitage Museum in St. Petersburg as office of the Soviet sale of Hermitage paintings, including such masterpieces equally Raphael's Alba Madonna, Titian's Venus with a Mirror, and Jan van Eyck'south Annunciation.

In 1929 Mellon had initiated contact with the recently appointed Secretary of the Smithsonian Establishment, Charles Greeley Abbot. Mellon was appointed in 1931 as a Commissioner of the Institution'due south National Gallery of Art. When the director of the Gallery retired, Mellon asked Abbot non to engage a successor, as he proposed to endow a new building with funds for expansion of the collections.

However, Mellon's trial for tax evasion, centering on the Trust and the Hermitage paintings, caused the plan to exist modified. In 1935, Mellon announced in The Washington Star his intention to plant a new gallery for old masters, separate from the Smithsonian. When asked by Abbot, he explained that the project was in the hands of the Trust and that its decisions were partly dependent on "the attitude of the Authorities towards the gift".

In Jan 1937, Mellon formally offered to create the new Gallery. On his altogether, 24 March 1937, an Act of Congress accepted the collection and building funds (provided through the Trust), and approved the construction of a museum on the National Mall.

The new gallery was to be effectively self-governing, not controlled by the Smithsonian, but took the old name "National Gallery of Fine art" while the Smithsonian'due south gallery would exist renamed the "National Drove of Fine Arts" (now the Smithsonian American Art Museum).^{[three] [4] [v]}

Construction and later history [edit]

The museum stands on the former site of the Baltimore and Potomac Railroad Station, where in 1881 a disgruntled function seeker, Charles Guiteau, shot President James Garfield (see James A. Garfield bump-off).^{[half dozen]} The station was demolished in 1908 because it did not suit to the McMillan Program for the Mall. In 1918, temporary state of war buildings were synthetic on the site; these were demolished by 1921 to construct the foundation of the George Washington Memorial Building, which was never completed. The site was then reassigned to the new National Gallery of Fine art.^[vii]

Designed by builder John Russell Pope, the new structure was completed and accepted past President Franklin D. Roosevelt on behalf of the American people on March 17, 1941. At the time of its inception information technology was the largest marble structure in the world. Neither Mellon nor Pope lived to see the museum completed; both died in late August 1937, just two months afterward digging had begun.^[half-dozen]

Equally anticipated by Mellon, the cosmos of the National Gallery encouraged the donation of other substantial fine art collections by a number of private donors. Founding benefactors included such individuals every bit Paul Mellon, Samuel H. Kress, Rush H. Kress, Ailsa Mellon Bruce, Chester Dale, Joseph Widener, Lessing J. Rosenwald and Edgar William and Bernice Chrysler Garbisch.

The Gallery'southward East Building was constructed in the 1970s on much of the remaining country left over from the original congressional action. Andrew Mellon's children, Paul Mellon and Ailsa Mellon Bruce, funded the building. Designed by architect I. K. Pei, the contemporary structure was completed in 1978 and was opened on June i of that year by President Jimmy Carter. The new building was built to house the Museum's collection of mod paintings, drawings, sculptures, and prints, too as study and enquiry centers and offices. The design received a National Accolade Award from the American Institute of Architects in 1981.

The concluding improver to the complex is the National Gallery of Art Sculpture Garden. Completed and opened to the public on May 23, 1999, the location provides an outdoor setting for exhibiting a number of large pieces from the Museum's contemporary sculpture drove.

In 2011, an extensive refurbishment and renovation of the French galleries were undertaken. As part of the celebration of the reopening of this wing, organist Alexander Frey performed 4 sold-out recitals of music of France in one weekend in the French Gallery.

Operations [edit]

The National Gallery of Art is supported through a private-public partnership. The Us federal government provides funds, through annual appropriations, to back up the museum'due south operations and maintenance. All artwork, as well as special programs, are provided through individual donations and funds.^[8] The museum is non part of the Smithsonian Institution.

Noted directors of the National Gallery have included David E. Finley, Jr. (1938-1956), John Walker (1956–1968), and J. Carter Dark-brown (1968–1993). Earl A. "Rusty" Powell III was named director in 1993. In March 2019 he was succeeded by Kaywin Feldman, past director and president of the Minneapolis Constitute of Art.^{[9] [10]} The museum hired Evelyn Carmen Ramos, the get-go adult female and the commencement person of color to be the chief curatorial and conservation officer, in 2021.^[11]

The president of the museum is billionaire man of affairs Mitchell Rales and its chairperson is Sharon Rockefeller.^[12]

Entry to both buildings of the National Gallery of Art is gratis of charge. The museum is open daily from x a.m. – 5 p.m. It is closed on December 25 and January 1.^[13]

During the COVID-xix pandemic, the National Gallery was largely airtight to the public. Yet, visitors were able to schedule appointments to access the w building in minor numbers.^[14]

Architecture [edit]

"Due east Building" redirects here. Not to exist confused with Eastern Building.

Exhibitions in the Westward Edifice

Exhibitions in the East Edifice

Walkway to Due west Building and Cascade Cafe in National Gallery of Art, Washington.D.C.

The museum comprises two buildings: the Due west Building (1941) and the East Edifice (1978) linked past an secret passage. The West Edifice, composed of pink Tennessee marble, was designed in 1937 by architect John Russell Pope in a neoclassical fashion (as is Pope's other notable building in Washington, D.C., the Jefferson Memorial). Designed in the form of an elongated H, the building is centered on a domed rotunda modeled on the interior of the Pantheon in Rome. Extending due east and west from the rotunda, a pair of skylit sculpture halls provide its main circulation spine. Vivid garden courts provide a counterpoint to the long main axis of the building.

Dome of West Edifice, an entrance to permanent Renaissance Art collections

Indoor garden courtroom with paired Ionic columns and symmetrical planting beds. August 2021.

The Westward Building has an all-encompassing collection of paintings and sculptures past European masters from the medieval menstruum through the late 19th century, equally well as pre-20th century works by American artists. Highlights of the drove include many paintings by January Vermeer, Rembrandt van Rijn, Claude Monet, Vincent van Gogh, and Leonardo da Vinci.

In dissimilarity, the design of the East Building, by architect I. M. Pei, is geometrical, dividing the trapezoidal shape of the site into two triangles: one contains public galleries, and the other houses a library, offices, and a study center. The triangles establish a motif that is echoed throughout the building, realized in every dimension.

The East Building's primal feature is a high atrium designed equally an open interior court that is enclosed by a sculptural infinite spanning 16,000 sq ft (1,500 m²). The atrium is centered on the same centrality that forms the circulation spine for the West Building and is constructed in the same Tennessee marble.^[15]

Even so, in 2005 the joints attaching the marble panels to the walls began to show signs of strain, creating a hazard that panels might fall onto visitors beneath. In 2008, NGA officials decided that information technology had become necessary to remove and reinstall all of the panels. The renovation was completed in 2016.^[16]

The Due east Edifice focuses on modern and gimmicky art, with a collection including works past Pablo Picasso, Henri Matisse, Jackson Pollock, Andy Warhol, Roy Lichtenstein, Alexander Calder, a 1977 landscape by Robert Motherwell and works by many other artists. The East Building also contains the master offices of the NGA and a big enquiry facility, Center for Avant-garde Study in the Visual Arts (CASVA). Amongst the highlights of the East Building in 2012 was an exhibition of Barnett Newman'southward The Stations of the Cross series of 14 black and white paintings (1958–66).^[17] Newman painted them subsequently he had recovered from a heart attack; they are commonly regarded every bit the superlative of his achievement.^{[ citation needed ]} The series has also been seen as a memorial to the victims of the Holocaust.^[eighteen]

The two buildings are connected by a walkway below 4th street, called "the Concourse" on the museum's map. In 2008, the National Gallery of Fine art commissioned American artist Leo Villareal to transform the Concourse into an creative installation. Today, Multiverse is the largest and nearly circuitous light sculpture past Villareal featuring approximately 41,000 computer-programmed LED nodes that run through channels along the entire 200 ft (61 m)-long infinite.^[19] The concourse likewise includes the nutrient courtroom and a souvenir shop.

The final element of the National Gallery of Fine art circuitous, the Sculpture Garden was completed in 1999 after more than 30 years of planning. To the westward of the West Edifice, on the opposite side of Seventh Street, the 6.1 acres (2.5 ha) Sculpture Garden was designed by landscape architect Laurie Olin^[xx] as an outdoor gallery for awe-inspiring modernistic sculpture.

The Sculpture Garden contains plantings of Native American species of awning and flowering trees, shrubs, basis covers, and perennials. A circular reflecting pool and fountain grade the center of its blueprint, which arching pathways of granite and crushed stone complement. (The pool becomes an ice-skating rink during the winter.) The sculptures exhibited in the surrounding landscaped expanse include pieces by Marc Chagall, David Smith, Mark Di Suvero, Roy Lichtenstein, Sol LeWitt, Tony Smith, Roxy Paine, Joan Miró, Louise Bourgeois, and Hector Guimard.^[21]

The lobby of National gallery of Art East Building

Taken at the outside wall of National gallery of Art E Building

Renovations [edit]

The NGA'southward West Building was renovated from 2007 to 2009. Although some galleries closed for periods of time, others remained open up.^[22]

After congressional testimony that the East Building suffered from "systematic structural failures", NGA adopted a Master Renovations Plan in 1999. This plan established the timeline for closing the edifice, and planned for the renovation of the electronic security systems, elevators, and HVAC.^[23] Infinite between the ceilings of existing galleries and the building's skylights (which was never completed when the building was constructed in 1978)^[23] would be renovated into two, 23 ft (7.0 k) high, hexagonal Tower Galleries. The galleries would accept a combined 12,260 sq ft (i,139 yard²) of space and will be lit by skylights. A rooftop sculpture garden would likewise be added. NGA officials said that the Tower Galleries would probably house modernistic fine art, and the cosmos of a distinct "Rothko Room" was possible.

Beginning in 2011, NGA undertook an $85 million restoration of the East Building'due south façade.^[24] The E Building is clad in three in (seven.vi cm) thick pink marble panels. The panels are held about ii in (v.ane cm) away from the wall by stainless steel anchors. Gravity holds the console in the bottom anchors (which are placed at each corner), while "push button head" anchors (stainless steel posts with large, flat heads) at the peak corners keep the console upright. Mortar was used on the gravity anchors to level the stones. Joints of flexible colored neoprene were placed between the panels. This system was designed to allow each panel to hang independent of its neighbors, and NGA officials say they are not aware of any other panel organisation like it.

Nonetheless, many panels were accidentally mortared together. Seasonal heating and cooling of the façade, infiltration of moisture, and shrinkage of the building'southward structural physical by ii in (five.1 cm) over time caused extensive impairment to the façade. In 2005, regular maintenance showed that some panels were cracked or significantly damaged, while others leaned by more than i in (2.5 cm) out from the building (threatening to fall).

The NGA hired the structural technology firm Robert Silman Associates to determine the cause of the trouble.^[25] Although the Gallery began raising individual funds to fix the issue,^[25] eventually federal funding was used to repair the building.^[24] In 2012, the NGA chose a articulation venture, Balfour Beatty/Smoot, to complete the repairs. Anodized aluminum anchors replaced the stainless steel ones, and the elevation corner anchors were moved to the center of the top border of each rock. The neoprene joints were removed and new colored silicone gaskets installed, and leveling screws rather than mortar used to go on the panels square. Piece of work began in November 2011,^[25] and originally was scheduled to end in 2014.^[24] Past February 2012, however, the contractor said piece of work on the façade would end in tardily 2013, and site restoration would accept place in 2014.^[25] The Due east Building remained open up throughout the project.^[22]

In March 2013, the National Gallery of Fine art announced a $68.4 million renovation to the Eastward Edifice. This included $38.iv meg to refurbish the interior mechanical plant of the construction,^[23] and $30 one thousand thousand to create new exhibition space.^[22] Because the angular interior space of the East Building made it impossible to close off galleries,^[23] the renovation required all only the atrium and offices to close past December 2013. The construction remained closed for 3 years. The architectural firm of Hartman-Cox oversaw both aspects of the renovation.^[23]

A group of benefactors — which included Victoria and Roger Sant, Mitchell and Emily Rales, and David Rubenstein — privately financed the renovation. The Washington Mail reported that the donation was one of the largest the NGA had received in a decade.^[22] NGA staff said that they would use the closure to conserve artwork, plan purchases, and develop exhibitions. Plans for renovating conservation, construction, exhibition prep, groundskeeping, part, storage, and other internal facilities were besides ready, but would non exist implemented for many years.^{[23] [26]}

Buildings [edit]

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  The West Building shortly subsequently construction, looking southeast from the National Mall

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  North face of the West Edifice, with the west side of the East Building and the U.s. Capitol in background

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  Due south face up of the West Building (2014)

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  Rotunda of the West Building beneath dome (2004)

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  Oculus of the West Edifice dome (2008)

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  West Building sculpture gallery (2007)

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  Westward Building garden court (2010)

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  Satellite image of National Gallery of Art grounds and surrounding streets (2002)

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  Centre of West Building plaza, looking w towards West Edifice (2010)

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  Fountain in West Building plaza (2010)

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  View of fountain from concourse below West Building plaza (2013)

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  Middle of W Building plaza, looking due east towards archway of East Building (2000)

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  South confront of East Building, looking northwest from southeast corner (2010)

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  Southwest corner of E Edifice, looking east (2007)

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  Southwest corner of East Building during renovation, looking northeast (2014)

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  East Building atrium (2007)

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  Eastward Edifice atrium (2007)

Collection [edit]

Gerard van Honthorst'south monumental 1623 masterwork, The Concert, was caused by the NGA in 2013 and went on display for the first time in 218 years.

The NGA'due south collection galleries and Sculpture Garden display European and American paintings, sculpture, works on paper, photographs, and decorative arts. Paintings in the permanent drove engagement from the Middle Ages to the present. The Italian Renaissance collection includes two panels from Duccio's Maesta, the tondo of the Admiration of the Magi past Fra Angelico and Filippo Lippi, a Botticelli piece of work on the same field of study, Giorgione's Allendale Nativity, Giovanni Bellini'due south The Feast of the Gods, Ginevra de' Benci (the just painting by Leonardo da Vinci in the Americas) and groups of works by Titian and Raphael.

The collections include paintings past many European masters, including a version of Saint Martin and the Ragamuffin, past El Greco, and works by Matthias Grünewald, Cranach the Elderberry, Rogier van der Weyden, Albrecht Dürer, Frans Hals, Rembrandt, Johannes Vermeer, Francisco Goya, Jean Auguste Dominique Ingres, and Eugène Delacroix, among others. The collection of sculpture and decorative arts includes such works as the Chalice of Abbot Suger of St-Denis and a collection of work by Auguste Rodin and Edgar Degas. Other highlights of the permanent collection include the 2nd of the two original sets of Thomas Cole'southward series of paintings titled The Voyage of Life, (the starting time set is at the Munson-Williams-Proctor Arts Institute in Utica, New York) and the original version of Watson and the Shark by John Singleton Copley (two other versions are in the Museum of Fine Arts, Boston and the Detroit Institute of Arts).

The National Gallery'southward print collection comprises 75,000 prints, in addition to rare illustrated books. Information technology includes collections of works past Albrecht Dürer, Rembrandt, Giovanni Battista Piranesi, William Blake, Mary Cassatt, Edvard Munch, Jasper Johns, and Robert Rauschenberg. The drove began with 400 prints donated by v collectors in 1941. In 1942, Joseph E. Widener donated his unabridged collection of nearly 2,000 works. In 1943, Lessing Rosenwald donated his drove of viii,000 old master and modern prints; between 1943 and 1979, he donated almost 14,000 more works. In 2008, Dave and Reba White Williams donated their collection of more five,200 American prints.^[27]

In 2013, the NGA purchased from a private French collection Gerard van Honthorst's 1623 painting, The Concert, which had not been publicly viewed since 1795. After initially displaying the 1.23 past 2.06 m (four.0 by 6.8 ft) The Concert in a special installation in the West Building, the NGA moved the painting to a permanent display in the museum's Dutch and Flemish galleries.^[28] Art experts estimated the sale price of The Concert at $20 million, though the NGA did non reveal the amount that information technology had paid.^[29]

Highlights of the drove [edit]

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Selected highlights from the American collection [edit]

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  Thomas Cole, A View of the Mount Pass Chosen the Notch of the White Mountains (Crawford Notch), 1839

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Come across also [edit]

• Collections of the National Gallery of Art
• Listing of original Hermitage paintings in the National Gallery of Art

References [edit]

1. ^ The Art Newspaper Review, March 28,2022
2. ^ The Art Newspaper annual museum visitor survey, published March 28,2022
3. ^ Fink, Lois Marie "A History of the Smithsonian American Art Museum", University of Massachusetts Printing (2007) ISBN 978-1-55849-616-3, chapter 3
4. ^ National Gallery of Art website: full general introduction Archived December 8, 2006, at the Wayback Machine
5. ^ National Gallery of Art website: chronology Archived April 7, 2010, at the Wayback Machine
6. ^ ^{a b} "National Gallery of Art, Westward Building". American Architecture. Archived from the original on 6 October 2011. Retrieved 2 October 2011.
7. ^ "Cultural Landscape Inventory: The Mall (Function 2)" (PDF). U.S. National Park Service. 2006. pp. 49, 53, 72. Retrieved 2021-02-22 . {{cite web}}: CS1 maint: url-status (link)
8. ^ "Major Giving FAQS". www.nga.gov . Retrieved 2022-04-x .
9. ^ Kerr, Euan, "Mia'due south director will leave to head National Gallery", Minnesota Public Radio News, December 11, 2018.
10. ^ McGlone, Peggy, "The National Gallery of Art volition take a female director for the first time in its history", The Washington Post, December 11, 2018.
11. ^ Greenberger, Alex (2021-05-13). "Latinx Art Expert E. Carmen Ramos Named Chief Curator of National Gallery of Art". ARTnews.com . Retrieved 2021-08-03 .
12. ^ Selvin, Claire (2019-09-27). "National Gallery of Art Names Darren Walker Trustee, Mitchell Rales Appointed President". ARTnews . Retrieved 2019-09-28 .
13. ^ "National Gallery of Fine art". Maps and Hours. 2016-01-12. Archived from the original on 2016-01-03.
14. ^ "Degas at the Opéra". National Gallery of Art. 2020-08-25.
15. ^ NGA.gov Archived Oct 3, 2009, at the Wayback Machine
16. ^ Leigh, Catesby (December 8, 2009). "An Ultramodern Building Shows Signs of Age". The Wall Street Journal. Archived from the original on March 11, 2016.
17. ^ "In The Tower: Barnett Newman". www.nga.gov. Archived from the original on ane Feb 2015. Retrieved 22 September 2014.
18. ^ Menachem Wecker (August 1, 2012). "His Cantankerous To Comport. Barnett Newman Dealt With Suffering in 'Zips'". The Jewish Daily Forrad. Archived from the original on Feb 4, 2013. Retrieved Baronial 8, 2012.
19. ^ "Leo Villareal: Multiverse". www.nga.gov.
20. ^ "About the Gallery". www.nga.gov. Archived from the original on 22 September 2014. Retrieved 22 September 2014.
21. ^ "Visit: Sculpture Garden". world wide web.nga.gov. Archived from the original on 26 September 2014. Retrieved 22 September 2014.
22. ^ ^{a b c d} Boyle, Katherine and Parker, Lonnae O'Neal. "National Gallery of Fine art Announces $xxx 1000000 Renovation to East Building." Washington Post. March 12, 2013. Archived April 21, 2016, at the Wayback Machine Accessed 2013-03-xiii.
23. ^ ^{a b c d east f} Boyle, Katherine. "National Gallery Sees Long-Term Benefit in Long Closing of East Building." Washington Postal service. March 13, 2013. Archived Jan 6, 2018, at the Wayback Machine Accessed 2013-03-22.
24. ^ ^{a b c} Kelly, John. "Why National Gallery'south East Building Shed Its Pink Marble Skin." Washington Postal service. February 21, 2012. Archived Jan half-dozen, 2018, at the Wayback Machine Accessed 2013-03-13.
25. ^ ^{a b c d} Dietsch, Deborah Yard. "National Gallery of Fine art's Famed Eastward Building Gets a Facelift." Washington Concern Journal. February three, 2012. Archived October xviii, 2015, at the Wayback Machine Accessed 2013-03-13.
26. ^ "The CIVITAS Chronicles". traditional-building.com. Archived from the original on 2015-03-23.
27. ^ "Prints". Nga.gov. 2013-06-xix. Archived from the original on 2013-12-21. Retrieved 2013-12-22 .
28. ^ Boyle, Katherine. "National Gallery Acquires 'The Concert' by Dutch Golden Age Painter Honthorst." Washington Mail. November 22, 2013. Archived August 29, 2017, at the Wayback Motorcar Accessed 2013-11-22.
29. ^ Vogel, Carol "National Gallery Acquires a van Honthorst Masterwork." New York Times. November 21, 2013. Archived February 24, 2017, at the Wayback Machine Accessed 2013-xi-22.
30. ^ "Provenance". Nga.gov. Archived from the original on 2009-05-07. Retrieved 2013-12-22 .

Further reading [edit]

• David Cannadine, Mellon: An American Life, Knopf, 2006, ISBN 0-679-45032-7
• Neil Harris, Majuscule Culture: J. Carter Brown, the National Gallery of Art, and the Reinvention of the Museum Feel, University of Chicago Press, 2013, ISBN 9780226067704
• Andrew Kelly, Kentucky by Design: The Decorative Arts, American Culture, and the Index of American Blueprint, University Printing of Kentucky, 2015. ISBN 978-0-8131-5567-8
• "The National Gallery of Art, Washington", special number of Connaissance des Arts, Société Français de Promotion Artistique (2000) ISSN 1242-9198

External links [edit]

• Official website
• NGA Collection
• Department of Image Collections, National Gallery of Art Library
• Center for Avant-garde Report in the Visual Arts

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Source: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/National_Gallery_of_Art

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